MUSHROOMS & MUSHROOMS

Maitake, Reishi, Turkey Tail (Coriolus), Chaga, Cordyceps, Shiitake, Lions Mane, Poria cocos, Fomes fomentarius, Agaricus blazei, Mesima, Tremella, Velvet foot, Zhu Ling (Polyporus umbellatus)

Cancer

A 2013 study indicates that maitake D-Fraction could be useful in preventing and treating breast cancer. Researchers suggest that this mushroom can fight the growth and reproduction of cancerous cells. Maitake mushroom has been shownTrusted Source to suppress tumor growth in mice. It can also increase the number of cells fighting against the tumor. This suggests that it could also be effective in managing cancer in humans when taken orally. An earlier study found maitake D-Fraction, which is an extract, to be efficient in killing human cancer cells. It was taken alongside a protein that also fights cancer and succeeded in increasing the protein’s effectiveness.

Reishi mushrooms: Red Reishi—also known as lingzhi mushroom—consists of a fruiting body, mycelium, and spores. The mature fruiting bodies of the fungus contain a high level of triterpenes (or ganoderic acid). Triterpenes are bioactive compounds that are structurally similar to steroids.

These compounds play a crucial role in Reishi’s cancer benefits—they inhibit cancer cells’ growth and invasive properties. Triterpenes reduce the expression (1) of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP). MMP is an enzyme that facilitates the spread of cancer cells by breaking down the insoluble barriers in the body.

Reishi mushrooms also limit the attachment of cancer cells (2) to the lining of blood vessels and stop their spread through the bloodstream. Normal cells transform into cancer cells due to mutations in their genes. Reishi’s antioxidant properties (3) protect the cells from mutations and reduce the risk of inflammation. The fruiting body of Ganoderma mushrooms contains polysaccharides like beta-glucans and Ganopoly. When added to foods, these compounds (beta glucan polysaccharides) stimulate and support the functions of the immune system.

Polysaccharides also promote a normal cell turnover, maintaining overall wellness in the body—this also plays a crucial role in helping reishi mushrooms fight cancer. Reishi extract has other bioactive proteins that contribute to(4) immunosuppressive and antioxidant medicinal properties. The spores of Ganoderma lucidum have long-chain fatty acids that fight cancer cells. Reishi’s polysaccharides and triterpenes kill tumor cells(5) and protect against(6) chemotherapy’s harmful effects.

TURKEY TAIL MUSHROOM: A number of studies have shown that turkey tail mushrooms have immune boosting properties. For example, its extract may be useful in fighting certain types of cancer, according to one 2014 reviewTrusted Source. The researchers looked at studies of five types of mushroom, including turkey tail, as complementary cancer treatments. They conclude, “The evidence base for using mushrooms in cancer treatment has greatly increased.” Turkey tail mushrooms contain compounds called polysaccharopeptide (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK). PSP and Source to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

Some evidence suggestsTrusted Source that PSP may also have the ability to stimulate the immune system, especially when combined with other anticancer treatments. Researchers have isolated the PSK compound. In Japan, PSK is an approved adjuvant cancer treatment, according to the National Cancer InstituteTrusted Source.

Chaga mushrooms: Many studies show that Chaga mushrooms slow the growth of cancer cells. One study said that using the mushrooms resulted in a 60% reduction in tumor size. Another study show it helped prevent the growth of cancer cells in the liver. Similar results have been seen in lung, breast, prostate and colon cancers.

Continuous intake of the Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) aqueous extract suppresses cancer progression and maintains body temperature in mice – PMC (nih.gov)

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells – PubMed (nih.gov)

Blood sugar: For people with insulin resistance, type II diabetes, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Chaga mushrooms can reduce glucose by as much as 31%.

Cholesterol: One study shows that Chaga mushrooms can reduce LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and overall cholesterol and may increase HDL cholesterol and perhaps protect arterial health.

For people who take blood thinners, Chaga mushrooms contain a protein that reduces blood clotting, thus thinning blood.

Effect of the Inonotus Obliquus Polysaccharides on Blood Lipid Metabolism and Oxidative Stress of Rats Fed High-Fat Diet In Vivo | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore

One of the best medicinal mushrooms, the Chaga mushroom is rich in antioxidants—these antioxidants offer outstanding skin support. Chaga has the highest antioxidant levels ever found in any natural food.

With an Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC score)(1) of over 146,000, the Chaga mushroom is loaded with antioxidants that protect your skin from free radical damage and oxidative stress. This results in lesser skin irritation.

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that scavenges the free radicals in the body. By breaking down the harmful oxygen molecules, SOD prevents tissue damage and is an essential antioxidant.

Chaga mushroom has a high content of SOD which helps in combating DNA damage (2)—oxidant injury results from stress and pollution.

By fighting the free radicals and DNA damage, Chaga mushroom helps slow down the rate at which the skin cells age and reduces age-related skin damage like wrinkles(3), discoloration, and even acne.

One of the vital benefits of Siberian Chaga is that it blocks the sun’s Ultraviolet rays (UV rays), helping you maintain healthy skin. Harmful UV rays can lead to dark spots and even skin cancer.

If you have unattractive dark spots often caused by the sun, you do not have to worry. Chaga can effectively reduce dark sunspots. With continued use, the mushroom will make the dark sunspots disappear.

Chaga mushroom has inhibitory and acceleratory activity on tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin synthesis. One of the Siberian Chaga health benefits is reducing skin pigmentation by suppressing tyrosinase activity and accelerating the activity of enzymes. This could be useful to even out skin tones when the pigment is lost, reduced, or in excess. When you consume Chaga —you immediately start fighting the damage caused by environmental conditions such as sun rays.

Chaga For Skin Rejuvenation

No one wants to experience premature aging, skin discoloration, and other non-pleasant skin conditions. However, harmful UV rays and free radicals often leave people with premature skin aging. Luckily, however, Chaga provides outstanding skin support for these people, reducing premature aging.

Chaga mushroom cream is rich in betulinic acid (5). Betulinic acid helps maintain and support healthy skin. Regular skincare products with betulinic acid give the skin a more youthful look.

Betulinic acid also aids in skin regeneration and restoration. This will help bring back the natural look of the skin, especially when the skin is scarred or wounded.

Preparing a Chaga mushroom coffee before work could help you keep your skin youthful. If you have damaged skin already—or your skin is already aging prematurely—the mushroom can help with collagen production and skin restoration.

Chaga mushroom also contains kojic acid that contributes to hydrated and nourished skin. These acids minimize dirt buildup and clogging in your skin and keep the skin moist.

Betulinic acid in the mushroom is also very effective in restoring skin elasticity bringing back the natural youthful look of the skin. Besides bringing back the firmness of the skin, it also helps reduce dark spots.

When used for an extended period, Chaga essentially eliminates saggy skin. When added to your skincare routine, a combination of the antioxidants found in the mushroom, betulonic acid, and protein building amino acids should ensure you have healthy and youthful-looking skin.

One of the most revered Chaga skin benefits, Chaga can fight Eczema. Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition.

The anti-inflammatory property (7) of Chaga eases skin inflammation in Eczema. It forms a protective film on your skin, preventing moisture loss. This helps relieve irritated, itchy, and dry skin while promoting healing and skin health.

Some of the Chaga benefits include:

It prevents hair loss
Maintains hair pigmentation
Nourishes the hair
Prevents greying of hair

Cordyceps mushrooms are effective in exercise performance, anti-aging, anti-tumor effects, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, heart health, and inflammatory conditions. Cordycepin is a bioactive compound found in the cordyceps mushroom. The nucleotide provides various anticancer properties by causing the death of tumor cells and preventing metastasis of tumor cells from one site to another (1).

Also, studies have shown that the cordyceps mushroom effectively reduces the side effects associated with chemotherapy. Cordyceps mushrooms inhibit breast cancer growth. Research has shown that the tumor-suppressing activity of Cordyceps mushrooms is related to the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, promoting macrophage polarization(2).

Furthermore, Cordyceps is effective in the prevention of breast cancer.

The cordycepin in Cordyceps mushrooms effectively induces apoptosis in human prostate cells. This suggests that cordycepin can act as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer(3). Also, cordycepin inhibits the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells by inhibiting the activity of tight junctions and matrix metalloproteinases (4).

A research study suggests the cordycepin extracted from the Cordyceps Sinensis or Militaris causes a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of four cancer cell lines, including melanoma cells (a type of skin cancer), breast cancer cells, liver cancer cells, and leukemia cells.

In addition to treating leukemia and other cancer cells, Cordyceps mushrooms have much lower cytotoxic effects on bone marrow cells. So, Cordyceps mushroom effectively treats skin cancer without the severe side effects of conventional chemotherapy (5).

The current research studies have shown that cordycepin-induced apoptosis may be effective in lung cancer, primarily when combined with a chemotherapy drug. The mushroom’s anti-tumor effectcan keep lung cancer from continued growth. Studies have shown that the extracts of Cordyceps Militaris decreased cellular proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and increased apoptosis of the non-small cancer cell line(6).

Also, combined with other chemotherapeutic agents, polysaccharides extracted from cordyceps mushrooms enhance the therapeutic effect on non-small cell lung cancer(7).

Colorectal cancer: A research study conducted in 2015(8) determined that cordyceps Militaris can help treat colorectal cancer. The research study treated colorectal cancer cells with varying concentrations of cordyceps ethanol extracts for 48 hours.

The cytotoxicity of the mushroom on the cordyceps Militaris was measured. The results showed that the growth of the tumor in the xenograft model was suppressed by the ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris, which was highly cytotoxic to human colorectal cancer RKO cells. Cordyceps militaris’ anti-tumor activity was linked to cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis induction.

Ovarian cancer: Researchers conducted a study in 2020(9) to determine whether cordyceps could help reduce ovarian cancer tumor growth. Researchers analyzed the effect of cordyceps militaris on the proliferation of cancer cells by confirming viability, migration assay, and morphological changes.

After analyzing the results, the researchers determined that C. militaris suppressed ovarian cancer cell growth, survival, and migration, possibly via coordinating TNF-/TNFR1 signaling and NF-B activation. According to the researchers, when seen as a whole, the findings from the study offer fresh insight into a cutting-edge Cordyceps militaris therapy approach for ovarian cancer.

The anticancer effects of Cordyceps play a critical role in treating bladder cancer. The mushroom showed that it could help with bladder cancer therapy in a research study conducted in 2017.

In the 2017 research study (10), Human T24 bladder carcinoma cells were treated with Cordyceps militaris hot water extracts containing cordycepin. Researchers discovered that this treatment reduced T24 cell survival in a dose-dependent manner. This effect appeared to be mediated by the activation of the A3 adenosine receptor and the subsequent inactivation of Akt pathways, which increased cleaved Caspase-3 and apoptosis.

Shiitake: Shiitake contain many of the same amino acids as meat (3).- They also boast polysaccharides, terpenoids, sterols, and lipids, some of which have immune-boosting, cholesterol-lowering, and anticancer effects (4).

The amount of bioactive compounds in shiitake depends on how and where the mushrooms are grown, stored, and prepared (3).

In Chinese medicine, shiitake are thought to boost health and longevity, as well as improve circulation.

Studies suggest that some of the bioactive compounds in shiitake may protect against cancer and inflammation (4).

Shiitake mushrooms may boost heart health. For example, they have three compounds that help lower cholesterol (3, 6Trusted Source, 7Trusted Source):

Eritadenine. This compound inhibits an enzyme involved in producing cholesterol.
Sterols. These molecules help block cholesterol absorption in your gut.
Beta glucans. This type of fiber can lower cholesterol.

One study in rats with high blood pressure found that shiitake powder prevented an increase in blood pressure (8Trusted Source).

A study in lab rats fed a high-fat diet demonstrated that those given shiitake developed less fat in their livers, less plaque on their artery walls, and lower cholesterol levels than those that didn’t eat any mushrooms (9Trusted Source).

One study gave people two dried shiitake daily. After one month, their immune markers improved and their inflammation levels dropped (10Trusted Source).

This immune effect might be partly due to one of the polysaccharides in shiitake mushrooms (11Trusted Source).

While people’s immune systems tend to weaken with age, a mouse study found that a supplement derived from shiitake helped reverse some age-related decline in immune function (12Trusted Source).

Polysaccharides in shiitake mushrooms may also have an anticancer effect (13Trusted Source, 14Trusted Source).

For example, the polysaccharide lentinan helps fight tumors by activating your immune system (15, 16Trusted Source).

Lentinan has been shown to inhibit the growth and spread of leukemia cells (17Trusted Source).

In China and Japan, an injectable form of lentinan is used alongside chemotherapy and other major cancer treatments to improve immune function and quality of life in people with gastric cancer (18Trusted Source, 19Trusted Source).

Several compounds in shiitake have antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal effects (18Trusted Source, 20).

As antibiotic resistance is growing, some scientists think it’s important to explore the antimicrobial potential of shiitake (21Trusted Source).

That said, while isolated compounds show antimicrobial activity in test tubes, eating shiitake is unlikely to have any effect on viral, bacterial, or fungal infections in people.

May strengthen your bones

Mushrooms are the only natural plant source of vitamin D.

Your body needs vitamin D to build strong bones, yet very few foods contain this important nutrient. In one study, mice fed a low-calcium, low-vitamin-D diet developed symptoms of osteoporosis. In comparison, those given calcium and UV-enhanced shiitake had higher bone density (22Trusted Source).

Lions Mane: Preclinical studies suggest that Lion’s mane may reduce inflammation and biological markers of Alzheimer’s (i.e., amyloid plaques), improve cognition, and increase the release of nerve growth factor, a protein that can increase the length of nerve cell processes. It also may help relieve mild symptoms of depression and anxiety and may speed recovery from nervous system injuries. It also may help reduce the severity of brain damage after a stroke. Lions mainly protect against ulcers in the digestive system as well by inhibiting the growth of Pylori, a bacteria that not only has been linked to ulcers but also stomach cancer. One animal study showed that it was more effective at preventing alcohol-induced stomach ulcers than the traditional acid-lowering drugs, without any side effects.

It reduced inflammation and the bowels are helpful for diseases like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s.

Another wonderful benefit is that it reduces the risk of heart disease. One study showed that it improves fat metabolism and lowers triglyceride levels. It may also decrease blood clotting which is a risk of heart attacks and strokes. It helps manage diabetes symptoms by improving blood sugar control. One way it does this is by blocking the activity of the enzyme alpha glucose, which breaks down sugars in the small intestines. In diabetic nerve damage, six weeks of supplementation with lion’s mane significantly reduced pain, lowered blood sugar levels, and even increased antioxidant levels.

In the fight against cancer, Lion’s main causes cancer cells to die at a faster rate. The study was done on cells of liver, colon, stomach, and blood cancer. It was more effective than traditional cancer medications at slowing the growth of tumors and reducing the spread of cancer to the lungs in cases of colon cancer.

Poria cocos: The mushrooms have several beneficial actions including:¹

Antitumor, Anti-inflammation, Antioxidant, Anti-aging, and Immunomodulatory

Early research suggests that poria may be useful in treating:

Alzheimer’s disease, Cancer, and Type 2 diabetes.

A 2021 study on mice showed that poria helped the brain clear beta-amyloid (ßA) from the brain.² ßA is what forms plaques that cause Alzheimer’s symptoms. The end result was that poria improved cognitive function. It also improved gut health, which may be a factor in Alzheimer’s disease due to the brain-gut axis.²This builds on earlier research that showed Poria extract reduced oxidative stress on biopsied brain cells obtained from rats. At that time, researchers suggested P. cocos may help shield the brain from the toxic effects of ßA.³

Cancer

Several studies suggest poria may have anti-tumor properties against the following types of cancer:

Pancreatic cancer⁴
Lung cancer⁵
Breast cancer⁶
Stomach cancer⁷
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)⁸
Metastatic cancer⁴

A 2018 study reported an extract of P. cocos showed cell-killing abilities in four human lung cancer cell lines.⁹A 2020 study found it improved the anti-tumor effect of drug treatment and also reversed drug resistance, which can be a problem in people with cancer.¹⁰Another 2020 study showed a compound from poria mushrooms (pachymic acid) killed breast cancer cells. Researchers noted that pachymic acid has the potential to be used as a low-side-effect treatment.¹¹Other research has identified a polysaccharide (a type of sugar) in poria as a potential anti-tumor drug.¹²The mushroom also appears to make changes to the immune system that may help fight cancer.¹³These are all lab or animal studies. We’ll need human trials to know whether poria is a safe and effective cancer treatment.

Diabetes

Poria mushrooms may be effective against type-2 diabetes.

In a 2011 study, researchers found an extract of P. cocos significantly lowered blood sugar levels in mice.¹⁴ They credited triterpenes, which are believed to improve insulin sensitivity, for this effect.

A 2016 study showed an herbal blend including poria lessened insulin resistance in rats.¹⁵

Other Benefits

Other potential benefits of poria are less well-researched and still in lab and animal testing. More research needs to be done, but research so far is promising for these uses.

Depression: Fights depression by increasing serotonin and dopamine, lowering inflammation in the frontal cortex¹⁶
Digestive problems: Improves intestinal health,¹⁷ restores gut flora,¹⁸ protects against chemotherapy damage¹⁹
Heart disease: Protects against atherosclerosis by reducing inflammation, cholesterol, triglycerides,²⁰ and oxidative stress²¹
Hemorrhagic fever: Increases immune response against the Marburg virus, which causes hemorrhagic fever; is considered as a potential vaccine²²
Hyperpigmentation: Used topically, lowers melanin activity to reduce freckles and skin-darkening conditions²³
Insomnia: Improves sleep through action on the calming neurotransmitter GABA²⁴
Kidney damage: Protects against damage due to infection or other causes²⁵
Liver toxicity: Protects against damage from acetaminophen²⁶ and fatty liver disease²⁷
Osteoporosis: Reduces bone loss and bone marrow changes in postmenopausal osteoporosis²⁸
Skin aging: Reduces oxidative stress damage (aging) to skin, may be effective in skin-care products²⁹
Li X, He Y, Zeng P, et al. Molecular basis for Poria cocos mushroom polysaccharide used as an antitumour drug in China. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(1):4-20. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13564
Sun Y, Liu Z, Pi Z, Song F, Wu J, Liu S. Poria cocos could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice by restoring imbalance of Aβ production and clearance and gut microbiota dysbiosis Phytother Res. 2021;10.1002/ptr.7014. doi:10.1002/ptr.7014
Park YH, Son IH, Kim B, Lyu YS, Moon HI, Kang HW. Poria cocos water extract (PCW) protects PC12 neuronal cells from beta-amyloid-induced cell death through antioxidant and antiapoptotic functions. Pharmazie. 2009 Nov;64(11):760-4.
Cheng S, Castillo V, Sliva D. CDC20 associated with cancer metastasis and novel mushroom‑derived CDC20 inhibitors with antimetastatic activity. Int J Oncol. 2019;54(6):2250-2256. doi:10.3892/ijo.2019.4791
Lin TY, Lu MK, Chang CC. Structural identification of a fucose-containing 1,3-β-mannoglucan from Poria cocos and its anti-lung cancer CL1-5 cells migration via inhibition of TGFβR-mediated signaling. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;157:311-318. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.014
Jiang Y, Fan L. The effect of Poria cocos ethanol extract on the intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in mice with breast cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;266:113456. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113456
Wang N, Liu D, Guo J, Sun Y, Guo T, Zhu X. Molecular mechanism of Poria cocos combined with oxaliplatin on the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;102:865-873. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.134
Xu H, Wang Y, Zhao J, et al. Triterpenes from Poria cocos are revealed as potential retinoid X receptor selective agonists based on cell and in silico evidence. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2020;95(5):493-502. doi:10.1111/cbdd.13610
Lee S, Lee S, Roh HS, et al. Cytotoxic constituents from the sclerotia of Poria cocos against human lung adenocarcinoma cells by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis. Cells. 2018;7(9):116. doi:10.3390/cells7090116
Li Y, Li X, Lu Y, et al. Co-delivery of Poria cocos extract and doxorubicin as an ‘all-in-one’ nanocarrier to combat breast cancer multidrug resistance during chemotherapy [published correction appears in Nanomedicine. 2021 Jul;35:102336]. Nanomedicine. 2020;23:102095. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2019.102095
Jiang Y, Fan L. Evaluation of anticancer activities of Poria cocos ethanol extract in breast cancer: In vivo and in vitro, identification and mechanism. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;257:112851. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112851
Li X, Ma L, Zhang L. Molecular basis for Poria cocos mushroom polysaccharide used as an antitumor drug in China. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2019;163:263-296. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.011
Tian H, Liu Z, Pu Y, Bao Y. Immunomodulatory effects exerted by Poria Cocos polysaccharides via TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;112:108709. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108709
Li TH, Hou CC, Chang CL, Yang WC. Anti-hyperglycemic properties of crude extract and triterpenes from Poria cocos. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:128402. doi:10.1155/2011/128402
Dai B, Wu Q, Zeng C, et al. The effect of Liuwei Dihuang decoction on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in liver of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats with insulin resistance. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;192:382-389. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.024
Huang YJ, Hsu NY, Lu KH, et al. Poria cocos water extract ameliorates the behavioral deficits induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress in rats by down-regulating inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;258:112566. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112566
Xu H, Wang Y, Jurutka PW, et al. 16α-hydroxytrametenolic acid from Poria cocos improves intestinal barrier function through the glucocorticoid receptor-mediated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;67(39):10871-10879. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04613
Liu J, Yu J, Peng X. Poria cocos Polysaccharides alleviates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis by preventing oxidative stress, regulating hormone production, modifying gut microbiota, and remodeling the DNA methylome. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(45):12661-12670. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05943
Zou YT, Zhou J, Wu CY, et al. Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;269:113722. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113722
Li W, Yu J, Zhao J, et al. Poria cocos polysaccharides reduces high-fat diet-induced arteriosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by inhibiting inflammation. Phytother Res. 2021;35(4):2220-2229. doi:10.1002/ptr.6980
Zhao J, Niu X, Yu J, et al. Poria cocos polysaccharides attenuated ox-LDL-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via ERK activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inhibited foam cell formation in VSMCs. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;80:106173. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106173
Gai W, Zheng X, Wang C, et al. Marburg virus-like particles by co-expression of glycoprotein and matrix protein in insect cells induces immune responses in mice. Virol J. 2017;14(1):204. doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0869-3
Lee H, Cha HJ. Poria cocos Wolf extracts represses pigmentation in vitro and in vivo. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2018;64(5):80-84.
Shah VK, Choi JJ, Han JY, Lee MK, Hong JT, Oh KW. Pachymic acid enhances pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors via GABAA-ergic systems in mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2014;22(4):314-320. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2014.045
Jiang GP, Liao YJ, Huang LL, Zeng XJ, Liao XH. Effects and molecular mechanism of pachymic acid on ferroptosis in renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep. 2021;23(1):63. doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11704
Wu K, Guo C, Yang B, Wu X, Wang W. Antihepatotoxic benefits of Poria cocos polysaccharides on acetaminophen-lesioned livers in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(5):7482-7488. doi:10.1002/jcb.28022
Kim JH, Sim HA, Jung DY, et al. Poria cocus Wolf extract ameliorates hepatic steatosis through regulation of lipid metabolism, inhibition of ER stress, and activation of autophagy via AMPK activation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(19):4801. doi:10.3390/ijms20194801
Hwang YH, Jang SA, Lee A, Kim T, Ha H. Poria cocos ameliorates bone loss in ovariectomized mice and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1383. doi:10.3390/nu12051383
Fang CL, Paul CR, Day CH, et al. Poria cocos (Fuling) targets TGFβ/Smad7 associated collagen accumulation and enhances Nrf2-antioxidant mechanism to exert anti-skin aging effects in human dermal fibroblasts. Environ Toxicol. 2021;36(5):729-736. doi:10.1002/tox.23075

Fomes fomentarius: Fomes Fomentarius has a very high content of proteins and minerals that help stimulate the production of the nerve growth factor, otherwise known as NGF. This is a protein in itself and is one of the main building blocks of healthy neurons in the brain.

Sleep: Fomes Fomentarius is a natural sleep supplement that you can take right before you go to bed every night. It will relax you and make sure you drift off peacefully. You can make yourself a cup of delicious tea that will keep you sleeping soundly throughout the night.

Asthma: It is rich in antioxidants that will boost your immune system. In the process, they will also fight against the inflammation in your lungs, otherwise known as asthma. Apart from that, the horseshoe mushroom will also stabilize your mood in a very natural way.

This means that it will calm down those feeling of anxiety, panic, stress, fear, chest tightness, and shortness of breath that one usually feels when and asthma attack happens or is about to happen.

The horseshoe mushroom has a very high count of polysaccharides. They will help keep up the structure of your cells, which is quite essential since we are talking about the immune system.

It’s also very important to note that these two compounds that are to be found in Fomes Fomentarius seem to go hand in hand with traditional, Western type of medicine such as radiation and chemotherapy. They increase their productivity.

It is good to know that one side effect of chemotherapy is that it reduces the production of cells that manage your immune system.

This process is called bone marrow suppression. The mushrooms will reduce the suppression and can shrink tumors in some people.

Agaricus blazei:
These mushrooms and their extracts have been used traditionally to combat a wide range of diseases including diabetes, circulatory issues, high cholesterol, hepatitis, cancer and osteoporosis. Agaricus blazei contain various beneficial polysaccharides in the form of highly structured beta-glucans. These compounds are also known for their amazing ability to modulate the body’s immune response and provide protection against disease. According to various studies, the polysaccharides found in Agaricus blazei regulate the production of antibodies and work as ‘biological response modifiers’. (1) (2)

The immune modulating properties of Agaricus blazei are also related to its potential against various forms of cancer. The beta-glucan present in the mushrooms is believed to be extremely effective in stimulating the body’s immune response and the compound has been specifically used to inhibit the growth of tumors. (2) Moreover, a Korean study published in 2004 found that Agaricus blazei could do wonders for those undergoing chemotherapy treatment. The researchers discovered that treatment with Agaricus blazei had a significantly positive effect on the common side effects of chemotherapy. Patients experienced improvements in terms of appetite, hair loss, physical weakness and emotional stability suggesting that treatment with Agaricus blazei may be very beneficial for patients while undergoing chemotherapy. (3)

Promising research has been done into the antimicrobial properties of this species of mushroom. One study found that Agaraicus extracts could protect against the bacteria and viruses responsible for pneumonia and meningitis and also certain types of herpes. (4)

Another study published in 2013 examined the medical value of Agaricus blazei mushrooms. Researchers found that a polysaccharide isolated from the mushroom was effective against the herpes simplex virus. The study actually found that the extract was comparable to the effects of a commonly prescribed herpes medication – Acylovir. (5)

Researchers discovered that an extract made from the mushroom had powerful anti-inflammatory effects against inflammation caused by Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. (6)

Researchers have also begun to examine the effects of Agaricus blazei extract on osteoporosis with promising results. (7)

DIABETES AND LIVER FUNCTION

Early signs are good that Agaricus blazei can improve liver health and also help treat patients with type 2 diabetes. A yearlong study was done by researchers in Taiwan to analyze the effects of Agaricus on hepatitis B. They found that treatment with the mushroom helped to normalize the liver function in patients suffering from hepatitis B. (9)

When it comes to diabetes, early signs are also very promising. Clinical studies have demonstrated that Agaricus blazei supplements might help to reduce the impact of oxidative stress and insulin resistance in diabetic patients. (10)

Mesima: Mesima mushroom has the highest anti-tumor activity of the hymenomycetes (a fungal grouping containing the major medicinal mushrooms) and as stated by TedX speaker Paul Stamets as having the greatest macrophage activation of seven species surveyed. In Korea, Mesima has been researched showing broad immunostimulant activity, strong anti-cancer properties and the ability to enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic drugs. According to research done, mesima mushroom acts as a stimulus by many recent reports with remarkable positive effects in a number of cancer patients consuming it. One such case reported revocation in a prostate cancer with rapidly progressive bone metastasis. In another case a 65 year old man with a large hepatocellular cancer and metastasis in the skull, sternum and ribs, who declined all treatment except radiation for the painful frontal bone mass in favor of P. linteus, experienced spontaneous regression of the tumours6. In a third case spontaneous regression of hepatocellular cancer with multiple lung metastasis was linked to consumption of P. linteus mycelium (no conventional therapy undertaken). Mesima mushrooms have shown wonderful results in lung cancer cells and also exhibit synergistic action with chemotherapeutic drugs and have shown wonderful results in breast cancer too. A vitro study shows remarkable inhibition of bladder cancer cell growth with enhanced cytotoxic activity in combination with vitamin C. Mesima mushrooms do magic when it comes to infertility. Mesima mushrooms show significant promising results where infertility is associated with elevated cytokine and NK cell levels. Nearly 23 of 26 women in one study showed improvement in immune parameters from supplementation with mycelial biomass at 3g/day.

Tremella: According to a research review in Amazonian Review of Plant Research, the proven benefits of tremella mushrooms are [R]:

Improving skin, reducing wrinkles
Better memory/learning
Lowers cholesterol
Helps with nerve damage repair
Maintains normal blood sugar
Reduces inflammation on the skin and in the body
Reduces chronic coughing
May reduce cancer
Helps protect the liver
Reduces chances of osteoporosis
Improves stomach health and intestinal health
May aid weight loss
Helps protect the cardiovascular system
Anti-aging effects

Research also shows that tremella mushrooms are high in vitamin D, fiber, and antioxidants, although exact amounts of these nutrients aren’t available [R].

Skin health

Snow mushrooms are rich in polysaccharides that increase the skin’s moisture retention, which lends to its purported benefits of keeping skin looking beautiful [R]. In fact, many people say it works better than hyaluronic acid for this purpose. Tremella mushroom extract for skin is also great because it helps protect the skin from damaging UV radiation from the sun.

Although research is still early, Tremella mushroom benefits likely extend to immune-enhancing effects by increasing lymphocytes [R].

Most medicinal mushrooms do have immune-modulating properties, so it’s not a stretch to think that Tremella mushrooms also help the immune system.

Tremella is rich in beta-glucan, which is a prebiotic fiber that has well-known immune-enhancing properties [R].

Anti-inflammatory

Another benefit of Tremella mushrooms is that they help dampen down inflammation by reducing a compound called NFkB, which is a big driver of inflammation in the body [R].

More research also shows that snow mushrooms help to dampen inflammation because of their high antioxidant content, which neutralizes free radicals [R].

Blood sugar

Tremella mushrooms may also help reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes because it helps to reduce high blood sugar levels according to an animal study [R].

While more research is needed in humans to prove this benefit, many kinds of mushrooms, including snow fungus, help to improve metabolic issues related to diabetes.

Heart Health

Most mushrooms, including Tremella mushrooms, are beneficial for our circulatory system because they help lower cholesterol and triglycerides in a healthy way. Tremella is very rich in beta-glucan, which is well-known to help reduce cholesterol levels and support heart health. In this way, they may help prevent heart disease if snow fungus is included in an overall healthy diet. They also provide a rich amount of nutrients that support healthy blood vessels [R].

Brain benefits

Using Tremella mushrooms may also help protect the brain and nerves in our body. One research study found that tremella mushroom extract reduced the toxicity of beta-amyloid, a substance that can build up in people’s brains who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease [R]. Another early study found that Tremella helps to improve memory in rats [R].

Digestive health

Like other medicinal mushrooms, Tremella mushrooms may improve digestion by dampening down inflammation in the gut, which may even help protect from colitis [R]. Fascinatingly, Tremella may also help improve the gut barrier function, reduce ulcerative colitis symptoms, and reduce inflammation in the gut according to research in the International Journal of Macromolecules [R]. Another major benefit of Tremella is that they likely help restore bacterial balance in the gut, also known as the gut microbiome [R].

Anti-aging – Among its many health benefits, Tremella helps slow the aging process because it is rich in antioxidants and nutrients. It helps to use Tremella mushroom powder or extract orally to help fuel the body well.

Lung health – Long thought to be a lung tonic, research related to Tremella and lung health remains scant. Still, Tremella mushroom extract was able to reduce the growth of lung cancer cells in a cell study [R].

What we can say is that because it has antioxidant properties, it likely does support lung health. It also supports a healthy immune response, which means it may indeed help reduce coughs.

Liver health – According to early research, Tremella fungus helps to reduce liver injury due to toxins and also increases liver antioxidant levels [R]. Phenolics, triterpenes, polysaccharides, and peptides are a few of the compounds in medicinal mushrooms that help protect liver tissue. Although more research is needed in this area, this seems to confirm the folk uses of Tremella to help keep the liver healthy.

Velvet foot:

Enokitake is reputed to be beneficial a range of ailments like certain cancers, dementia, hypertension, thrombosis, gastric ulcers, liver problems, and Inflammation, retention of dampness and harmful body fluid: edema, scanty urination, diarrhea, vaginal discharge, cloudy, painful urination, jaundice.

Cancer

A group of epidemiological studies in Japan [vi] showed that mortality from cancer is dramatically lower among people who grow enokitake mushrooms—people who also eat a lot more enokitake than the general population, since they can get damaged, unsalable product for free. Subsequent research has isolated a number of compounds within the mushroom that have cancer-fighting potential [vii]:

FIP-fve combats liver cancer in mice
Flammulin is considered an anti-tumor substance
A stable hemagglutinin inhibits proliferation of leukemia L1210 cells

Enokitaki is also one of three mushroom species the water-based extracts of which are effective against multiple types of breast cancer cells, including estrogen-independent breast cancer [viii].

Cholesterol and Lipid Reduction

In one study, enokitake powder and enokitake water extract were given to hamsters on a high-fat diet; the mushroom significantly lowered the amount of cholesterol in the blood, apparently due to the presence of dietary fiber and other substances [x].

Other Benefits

Other studies have revealed further potential uses of enokitake [xi].

Several substances found in the mushroom, or produced by fermenting the mushroom, show promise in preventing vascular disease or its symptoms. Substances already used to treat certain aspects of hypertension have been found in enokitake, supporting both traditional uses and the studies showing its ability to lower cholesterol.

Rats with chemically-induced learning and memory problems showed improvement after being treated with polysaccharides derived from enokitake; the mechanisms involved suggested these polysaccharides could be useful in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Fresh, raw enokitake mushroom has been shown to work as an anti-inflammatory in mice, and the substances responsible are being studied. A number of studies have shown some substances within enokitake have potential for preventing liver damage.

Zhu Ling (Polyporus umbellatus):

Liver Health – The Zhu Ling Mushroom has a long history of traditional use as a liver protective agent. Research has shown promise in the treatment of hepatitis B. In one particular study, Zhu Ling combined with Red Clover showed more efficacy for hepatitis B than either herb taken alone.¹In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Zhu Ling Mushroom has a long history of traditional use for its hepatoprotective benefits. It is commonly used in cases of liver cirrhosis and other forms of liver damage.

Kidney Health – Zhu Ling promotes fluid balance within the body, keeping sodium and potassium levels under control which in turn can reduce hypertension and prevent kidney disease.

As a powerful diuretic, Zhu Ling removes excess water from parts of the body, thus alleviating pressure on the kidneys. It has also attracted scientific interest for its apparent effectiveness for kidney stones and nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys).

Immune System – Like most medicinal mushrooms, Zhu Ling is rich in immune boosting polysaccharides that stimulate the immune system. Zhu Ling polysaccharides enhance the secretion of interferon and interleukin, vital immune system components which incite the manufacture of germ consuming macrophages. Furthermore, the polysaccharides known as beta-D-glucans are powerful compounds that naturally boost the immune system by optimizing its response to disease and infections. Over 150 years of research has found that beta glucans act as immunomodulation agents, meaning they trigger a cascade of events that help to regulate the immune system and make it more efficient.

Specifically, beta glucans stimulate the activity of macrophages – versatile immune cells that ingest and demolish invading pathogens and stimulate other immune cells to attack. Macrophages also release cytokines, chemicals that when secreted enable the immune cells to communicate with one another. In addition, beta glucans stimulate lethal white blood cells (lymphocytes) that bind to tumors or viruses, and release chemicals to destroy them.

Compounds contained in Zhu Ling also improve and enhance the action of NK (natural killer) cells, a type of white blood cell that protects the body from viruses and bacteria. The efficacy of antibodies which are also used by the immune system to fight bacteria and viruses are further enhanced by this mushroom.

Zhu Ling has been used in traditional herbal medicine systems for thousands of years. Due to its sweetness and mildness, Zhu Ling is believed to drain dampness and lightly cool heat without damaging yin or qi (life force).

1 L Li, Q Wang, C Si. 1995. The effects of zhuling-duotang, hepatitis B vaccine and bacillus Calmette-Guerin on immunoactivities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells: an in vitro research [online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8582187/